2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (34): 7415-7422

Induction of M1/M2 polarization of macrophages by lipopolysaccharides and titanium particles in peri-implant tissues

Deng Ran1, Wei Yi1, Ji Xiaowei2, 3   

Abstract: BACKGROUND: With the popularization of implant technology, the incidence of peri-implantitis is increasing year by year, but the etiological mechanism is still unclear. Highly plastic macrophages can be polarized into M1 and M2 types under microenvironment stimulation, which play pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively, and play an important role in host defense, immune response, and maintenance of internal environment homeostasis in peri-implant tissues. The polarization trend of M1/M2 macrophages is closely related to the balance of foreign body response around implants.
OBJECTIVE: Lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles are important pathogenic factors causing peri-implantitis, in order to further explore their inducible effect on macrophage polarization in peri-implant tissues.
METHODS: The Chinese keywords were “peri-implantitis, macrophage polarization, lipopolysaccharide, titanium particles.” The English keywords were “macrophage polarization, peri-implant inflammation, peri-implantitis, LPS, TLRs, NF-κB.” The CNKI and PubMed databases were searched, and the relevant literature was screened and sorted to analyze the induction effect and related mechanism of lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles on M1/M2 polarization of macrophages in peri-implant tissues.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles may induce macrophage polarization in peri-implant tissues through Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor κB and other related signaling pathways, causing M1/M2 polarization imbalance and thus affecting the occurrence and progression of peri-implantitis. Some drugs can also regulate macrophage M1/M2 polarization through Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor κB signaling pathway to treat related inflammatory diseases. (2) By analyzing the induction effect of lipopolysaccharide and titanium particles on macrophage M1/M2 polarization in peri-implant tissues, the mechanism of their regulation of Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor κB signaling pathway to induce macrophage polarization is further explained, in order to provide some new ideas and strategies for the study of immune prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis.

Key words: peri-implantitis, lipopolysaccharide, titanium particle, TLRs/NF-κB, M1/M2, macrophage